{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-engineering-thermodynamics","title":"Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eGetting Started 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Using Thermodynamics 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Defining Systems 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Closed Systems 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Control Volumes 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Selecting the System Boundary 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Describing Systems and Their Behavior 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Views of Thermodynamics 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Property, State, and Process 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Extensive and Intensive Properties 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Equilibrium 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Measuring Mass, Length, Time, and Force 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 SI Units 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 English Engineering Units 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Specific Volume 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Pressure 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Pressure Measurement 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Buoyancy 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Pressure Units 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Temperature 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.1 Thermometers 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.2 Kelvin and Rankine Temperature Scales 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7.3 Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Engineering Design and Analysis 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 Design 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2 Analysis 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Methodology for Solving Thermodynamics Problems 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnergy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 23\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Reviewing Mechanical Concepts of Energy 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Work and Kinetic Energy 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Potential Energy 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Units for Energy 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 Conservation of Energy in Mechanics 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.5 Closing Comment 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Broadening Our Understanding of Work 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Sign Convention and Notation 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Power 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Modeling Expansion or Compression Work 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Expansion or Compression Work in Actual Processes 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Expansion or Compression Work in Quasiequilibrium Processes 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Further Examples of Work 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Further Examples of Work in Quasiequilibrium Processes 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8 Generalized Forces and Displacements 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Broadening Our Understanding of Energy 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Energy Transfer by Heat 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Sign Convention, Notation, and Heat Transfer Rate 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Heat Transfer Modes 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Closing Comments 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Energy Accounting: Energy Balance for Closed Systems 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Important Aspects of the Energy Balance 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Using the Energy Balance: Processes of Closed Systems 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.3 Using the Energy Rate Balance: Steady-State Operation 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.4 Using the Energy Rate Balance: Transient Operation 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Energy Analysis of Cycles 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Cycle Energy Balance 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Power Cycles 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Energy Storage 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Overview 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Storage Technologies 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEvaluating Properties 57\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Getting Started 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Phase and Pure Substance 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Fixing the State 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 \u003ci\u003ep\u003c\/i\u003e–υ–\u003ci\u003eT \u003c\/i\u003eRelation 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 \u003ci\u003ep\u003c\/i\u003e–υ–\u003ci\u003eT \u003c\/i\u003eSurface 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Projections of the \u003ci\u003ep\u003c\/i\u003e–υ–\u003ci\u003eT \u003c\/i\u003eSurface 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Studying Phase Change 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Evaluating Pressure, Specific Volume, and Temperature 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Vapor and Liquid Tables 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Saturation Tables 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Evaluating Specific Internal Energy and Enthalpy 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Introducing Enthalpy 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Retrieving \u003ci\u003eu \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003eh \u003c\/i\u003eData 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.3 Reference States and Reference Values 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Evaluating Properties Using Computer Software 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Applying the Energy Balance Using Property Tables and Software 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.1 Using Property Tables 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.2 Using Software 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Introducing Specific Heats \u003ci\u003ec\u003c\/i\u003eυ and \u003ci\u003ecp \u003c\/i\u003e80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Evaluating Properties of Liquids and Solids 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.1 Approximations for Liquids Using Saturated Liquid Data 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10.2 Incompressible Substance Model 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Generalized Compressibility Chart 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11.1 Universal Gas Constant, \u003ci\u003eR\u003c\/i\u003e– 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11.2 Compressibility Factor, \u003ci\u003eZ \u003c\/i\u003e85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11.3 Generalized Compressibility Data, \u003ci\u003eZ \u003c\/i\u003eChart 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11.4 Equations of State 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Introducing the Ideal Gas Model 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.1 Ideal Gas Equation of State 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.2 Ideal Gas Model 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.3 Microscopic Interpretation 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13.1 Δ\u003ci\u003eu\u003c\/i\u003e, Δ\u003ci\u003eh\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003ec\u003c\/i\u003eυ , and \u003ci\u003ecp \u003c\/i\u003eRelations 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13.2 Using Specific Heat Functions 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Applying the Energy Balance Using Ideal Gas Tables, Constant Specific Heats, and Software 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14.1 Using Ideal Gas Tables 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14.2 Using Constant Specific Heats 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14.3 Using Computer Software 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Polytropic Process Relations 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl Volume Analysis Using Energy 105\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Conservation of Mass for a Control Volume 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Developing the Mass Rate Balance 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Evaluating the Mass Flow Rate 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Forms of the Mass Rate Balance 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 One-Dimensional Flow Form of the Mass Rate Balance 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Steady-State Form of the Mass Rate Balance 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Integral Form of the Mass Rate Balance 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Applications of the Mass Rate Balance 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Steady-State Application 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Time-Dependent (Transient) Application 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Developing the Energy Rate Balance for a Control Volume 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Evaluating Work for a Control Volume 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 One-Dimensional Flow Form of the Control Volume Energy Rate Balance 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Integral Form of the Control Volume Energy Rate Balance 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Analyzing Control Volumes at Steady State 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Steady-State Forms of the Mass and Energy Rate Balances 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Modeling Considerations for Control Volumes at Steady State 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Nozzles and Diffusers 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Nozzle and Diffuser Modeling Considerations 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Application to a Steam Nozzle 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Turbines 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.1 Steam and Gas Turbine Modeling Considerations 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7.2 Application to a Steam Turbine 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Compressors and Pumps 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.1 Compressor and Pump Modeling Considerations 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.2 Applications to an Air Compressor and a Pump System 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8.3 Pumped-Hydro and Compressed-Air Energy Storage 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Heat Exchangers 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.1 Heat Exchanger Modeling Considerations 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9.2 Applications to a Power Plant Condenser and Computer Cooling 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Throttling Devices 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.1 Throttling Device Modeling Considerations 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10.2 Using a Throttling Calorimeter to Determine Quality 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 System Integration 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Transient Analysis 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.1 The Mass Balance in Transient Analysis 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.2 The Energy Balance in Transient Analysis 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12.3 Transient Analysis Applications 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Second Law of Thermodynamics 145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introducing the Second Law 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Motivating the Second Law 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Opportunities for Developing Work 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Aspects of the Second Law 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Statements of the Second Law 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Clausius Statement of the Second Law 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Kelvin–Planck Statement of the Second Law 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Entropy Statement of the Second Law 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Second Law Summary 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Irreversible and Reversible Processes 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Irreversible Processes 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Demonstrating Irreversibility 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Reversible Processes 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Internally Reversible Processes 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Interpreting the Kelvin–Planck Statement 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Applying the Second Law to Thermodynamic Cycles 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Second Law Aspects of Power Cycles Interacting with Two Reservoirs 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Limit on Thermal Efficiency 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Corollaries of the Second Law for Power Cycles 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Second Law Aspects of Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles Interacting with Two Reservoirs 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Limits on Coefficients of Performance 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Corollaries of the Second Law for Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 The Kelvin and International Temperature Scales 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 The Kelvin Scale 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 The Gas Thermometer 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3 International Temperature Scale 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Maximum Performance Measures for Cycles Operating Between Two Reservoirs 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.1 Power Cycles 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9.2 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Carnot Cycle 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.1 Carnot Power Cycle 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.2 Carnot Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10.3 Carnot Cycle Summary 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Clausius Inequality 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eUsing Entropy 177\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Entropy–A System Property 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Defining Entropy Change 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Evaluating Entropy 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Entropy and Probability 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Retrieving Entropy Data 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Vapor Data 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Saturation Data 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Liquid Data 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Computer Retrieval 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.5 Using Graphical Entropy Data 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Introducing the \u003ci\u003eT dS \u003c\/i\u003eEquations 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Entropy Change of an Incompressible Substance 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Using Ideal Gas Tables 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Assuming Constant Specific Heats 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Computer Retrieval 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Entropy Change in Internally Reversible Processes of Closed Systems 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Area Representation of Heat Transfer 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Carnot Cycle Application 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Work and Heat Transfer in an Internally Reversible Process of Water 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Entropy Balance for Closed Systems 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.1 Interpreting the Closed System Entropy Balance 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.2 Evaluating Entropy Production and Transfer 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.3 Applications of the Closed System Entropy Balance 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7.4 Closed System Entropy Rate Balance 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Directionality of Processes 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Increase of Entropy Principle 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Entropy Rate Balance for Control Volumes 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Rate Balances for Control Volumes at Steady State 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.1 One-Inlet, One-Exit Control Volumes at Steady State 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.2 Applications of the Rate Balances to Control Volumes at Steady State 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Isentropic Processes 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.1 General Considerations 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.2 Using the Ideal Gas Model 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.3 Illustrations: Isentropic Processes of Air 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Turbines, Nozzles, Compressors, and Pumps 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.1 Isentropic Turbine Efficiency 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.2 Isentropic Nozzle Efficiency 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.3 Isentropic Compressor and Pump Efficiencies 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Heat Transfer and Work in Internally Reversible, Steady-State Flow Processes 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.1 Heat Transfer 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.2 Work 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13.3 Work in Polytropic Processes 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eExergy Analysis 225\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introducing Exergy 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Conceptualizing Exergy 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Environment and Dead State 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Defining Exergy 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Exergy of a System 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Exergy Aspects 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Specific Exergy 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Exergy Change 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Closed System Exergy Balance 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Introducing the Closed System Exergy Balance 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Closed System Exergy Rate Balance 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 Exergy Destruction and Loss 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Exergy Accounting 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Exergy Rate Balance for Control Volumes at Steady State 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Comparing Energy and Exergy for Control Volumes at Steady State 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Evaluating Exergy Destruction in Control Volumes at Steady State 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Exergy Accounting in Control Volumes at Steady State 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Exergetic (Second Law) Efficiency 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Matching End Use to Source 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Exergetic Efficiencies of Common Components 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Using Exergetic Efficiencies 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Thermoeconomics 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Costing 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Using Exergy in Design 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3 Exergy Costing of a Cogeneration System 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eVapor Power Systems 261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introducing Vapor Power Plants 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 The Rankine Cycle 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Modeling the Rankine Cycle 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Ideal Rankine Cycle 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Effects of Boiler and Condenser Pressures on the Rankine Cycle 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Principal Irreversibilities and Losses 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Improving Performance—Superheat, Reheat, and Supercritical 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Improving Performance—Regenerative Vapor Power Cycle 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Open Feedwater Heaters 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Closed Feedwater Heaters 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Multiple Feedwater Heaters 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Other Vapor Power Cycle Aspects 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Working Fluids 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.2 Cogeneration 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.3 Carbon Capture and Storage 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Case Study: Exergy Accounting of a Vapor Power Plant 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eGas Power Systems 303\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introducing Engine Terminology 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Air-Standard Otto Cycle 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Air-Standard Dual Cycle 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Modeling Gas Turbine Power Plants 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.1 Evaluating Principal Work and Heat Transfers 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.2 Ideal Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6.3 Considering Gas Turbine Irreversibilities and Losses 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Regenerative Gas Turbines 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Regenerative Gas Turbines with Reheat and Intercooling 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.1 Gas Turbines with Reheat 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.2 Compression with Intercooling 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.3 Reheat and Intercooling 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8.4 Ericsson and Stirling Cycles 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Gas Turbine–Based Combined Cycles 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.1 Combined Gas Turbine–Vapor Power Cycle 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9.2 Cogeneration 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle Power Plants 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Gas Turbines for Aircraft Propulsion 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Compressible Flow Preliminaries 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12.1 Momentum Equation for Steady One-Dimensional Flow 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12.2 Velocity of Sound and Mach Number 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12.3 Determining Stagnation State Properties 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13 Analyzing One-Dimensional Steady Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13.1 Exploring the Effects of Area Change in Subsonic and Supersonic Flows 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13.2 Effects of Back Pressure on Mass Flow Rate 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13.3 Flow Across a Normal Shock 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14 Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers of Ideal Gases with Constant Specific Heats 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14.1 Isentropic Flow Functions 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14.2 Normal Shock Functions 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eRefrigeration and Heat Pump Systems 369\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Vapor Refrigeration Systems 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Departures from the Carnot Cycle 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Analyzing Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Evaluating Principal Work and Heat Transfers 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Performance of Ideal Vapor-Compression Systems 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Performance of Actual Vapor-Compression Systems 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 The \u003ci\u003ep\u003c\/i\u003e–\u003ci\u003eh \u003c\/i\u003eDiagram 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Selecting Refrigerants 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Other Vapor-Compression Applications 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Cold Storage 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Cascade Cycles 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Multistage Compression with Intercooling 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Absorption Refrigeration 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Heat Pump Systems 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Carnot Heat Pump Cycle 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Vapor-Compression Heat Pumps 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Gas Refrigeration Systems 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.1 Brayton Refrigeration Cycle 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.2 Additional Gas Refrigeration Applications 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.3 Automotive Air Conditioning Using Carbon Dioxide 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThermodynamic Relations 399\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Using Equations of State 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Getting Started 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Two-Constant Equations of State 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Multiconstant Equations of State 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Important Mathematical Relations 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Developing Property Relations 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 Principal Exact Differentials 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Property Relations from Exact Differentials 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Fundamental Thermodynamic Functions 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Evaluating Changes in Entropy, Internal Energy, and Enthalpy 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Considering Phase Change 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Considering Single-Phase Regions 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Other Thermodynamic Relations 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Volume Expansivity, Isothermal and Isentropic Compressibility 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Relations Involving Specific Heats 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Joule–Thomson Coefficient 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Constructing Tables of Thermodynamic Properties 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Developing Tables by Integration Using \u003ci\u003ep\u003c\/i\u003e–υ –\u003ci\u003eT \u003c\/i\u003eand Specific Heat Data 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Developing Tables by Differentiating a Fundamental Thermodynamic Function 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Generalized Charts for Enthalpy and Entropy 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 \u003ci\u003ep\u003c\/i\u003e–υ–\u003ci\u003eT \u003c\/i\u003eRelations for Gas Mixtures 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Analyzing Multicomponent Systems 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.1 Partial Molal Properties 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.2 Chemical Potential 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.3 Fundamental Thermodynamic Functions for Multicomponent Systems 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.4 Fugacity 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.5 Ideal Solution 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.6 Chemical Potential for Ideal Solutions 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eIdeal Gas Mixture and Psychrometric Applications 457\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Describing Mixture Composition 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Relating \u003ci\u003ep\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eV\u003c\/i\u003e, and \u003ci\u003eT \u003c\/i\u003efor Ideal Gas Mixtures 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Evaluating \u003ci\u003eU\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eH\u003c\/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003eS\u003c\/i\u003e, and Specific Heats 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Evaluating \u003ci\u003eU \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003eH \u003c\/i\u003e463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Evaluating \u003ci\u003ec\u003c\/i\u003eυ and \u003ci\u003ecp \u003c\/i\u003e463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 Evaluating \u003ci\u003eS \u003c\/i\u003e464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Working on a Mass Basis 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Analyzing Systems Involving Mixtures 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.1 Mixture Processes at Constant Composition 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4.2 Mixing of Ideal Gases 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Introducing Psychrometric Principles 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.1 Moist Air 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.2 Humidity Ratio, Relative Humidity, Mixture Enthalpy, and Mixture Entropy 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.3 Modeling Moist Air in Equilibrium with Liquid Water 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.4 Evaluating the Dew Point Temperature 478\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5.5 Evaluating Humidity Ratio Using the Adiabatic-Saturation Temperature 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Psychrometers: Measuring the Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Psychrometric Charts 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.1 Applying Mass and Energy Balances to Air-Conditioning Systems 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.2 Conditioning Moist Air at Constant Composition 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.3 Dehumidification 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.4 Humidification 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.5 Evaporative Cooling 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8.6 Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air Streams 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Cooling Towers 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eReacting Mixtures and Combustion 503\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introducing Combustion 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.1 Fuels 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.2 Modeling Combustion Air 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.3 Determining Products of Combustion 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1.4 Energy and Entropy Balances for Reacting Systems 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Conservation of Energy—Reacting Systems 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Evaluating Enthalpy for Reacting Systems 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Energy Balances for Reacting Systems 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 Enthalpy of Combustion and Heating Values 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Determining the Adiabatic Flame Temperature 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 Using Table Data 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Using Computer Software 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 Closing Comments 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Fuel Cells 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Absolute Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Evaluating Entropy for Reacting Systems 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Entropy Balances for Reacting Systems 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 Evaluating Gibbs Function for Reacting Systems 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Conceptualizing Chemical Exergy 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Working Equations for Chemical Exergy 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Evaluating Chemical Exergy for Several Cases 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 Closing Comments 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Standard Chemical Exergy 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 Standard Chemical Exergy of a Hydrocarbon: C\u003csub\u003eaHb 541\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.2 Standard Chemical Exergy of Other Substances 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Applying Total Exergy 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.1 Calculating Total Exergy 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8.2 Calculating Exergetic Efficiencies of Reacting Systems 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eChemical and Phase Equilibrium 555\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introducing Equilibrium Criteria 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Chemical Potential and Equilibrium 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Evaluating Chemical Potentials 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Equation of Reaction Equilibrium 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Introductory Case 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 General Case 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Calculating Equilibrium Compositions 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Equilibrium Constant for Ideal Gas Mixtures 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Illustrations of the Calculation of Equilibrium Compositions for Reacting Ideal Gas Mixtures 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Equilibrium Constant for Mixtures and Solutions 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Further Examples of the Use of the Equilibrium Constant 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Determining Equilibrium Flame Temperature 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Van’t Hoff Equation 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.3 Ionization 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.4 Simultaneous Reactions 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Equilibrium between Two Phases of a Pure Substance 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Equilibrium of Multicomponent, Multiphase Systems 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.1 Chemical Potential and Phase Equilibrium 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6.2 Gibbs Phase Rule 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Summary and Study Guide 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix Tables, Figures, and Charts A-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex to Tables in SI Units A-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex to Tables in English Units A-49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex to Figures and Charts A-97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises and Problems P-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex I-1\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Margaret B. 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