{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-materials-science-and-engineering","title":"Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering","description":"\u003cp\u003eList of Symbols xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Historical Perspective 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Materials Science and Engineering: Need of Its Study 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study 1.1—Cargo Ship Failures 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Classification of Materials 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study 1.2—Carbonated Beverage Containers 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Advanced Materials 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Modern Materials’ Needs 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding20\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtomic Structure 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Fundamental Concepts 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Electrons in Atoms 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 The Periodic Table 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtomic Bonding in Solids 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 2.1—Water (Its Volume Expansion upon Freezing) 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Mixed Bonding 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Molecules 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification Correlations 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics 52\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystal Structures 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Fundamental Concepts 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Unit Cells 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Density Computations—Metals 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Density Computations—Ceramics 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Silicate Ceramics 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Carbon 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Crystal Systems 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial of Importance 3.1—Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Point Coordinates 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Crystallographic Directions 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 Crystallographic Planes 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Linear and Planar Densities 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystalline and Noncrystalline Materials 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17 Single Crystals 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.18 Polycrystalline Materials 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.19 Anisotropy 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21 Noncrystalline Solids 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Polymer Structures 123\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Polymer Molecules 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Molecular Weight 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Molecular Shape 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Molecular Structure 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Molecular Configurations 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 Copolymers 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Polymer Crystallinity 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.12 Polymer Crystals 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Composites 155\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticle-Reinforced Composites 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Large-Particle Composites 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFiber-Reinforced Composites 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Influence of Fiber Length 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 The Fiber Phase 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 The Matrix Phase 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 Hybrid Composites 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural Composites 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14 Laminar Composites 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15 Sandwich Panels 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase Study 5.1—Use of Composites in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16 Nanocomposites 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Imperfections in Solids 204\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoint Defects 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Point Defects in Metals 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Point Defects in Ceramics 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Impurities in Solids 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Point Defects in Polymers 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Specification of Composition 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiscellaneous Imperfections 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Dislocations—Linear Defects 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Interfacial Defects 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 6.1—Catalysts (and Surface Defects) 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Bulk or Volume Defects 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Atomic Vibrations 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroscopic Examination 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Microscopic Techniques 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Grain-Size Determination 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Diffusion 243\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Fick’s First Law 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Fick’s Second Law—Nonsteady-State Diffusion 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Factors that Influence Diffusion 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 7.1—Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Other Diffusion Paths 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. Mechanical Properties 272\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElastic Deformation 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Anelasticity 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Behavior—Metals 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Tensile Properties 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 True Stress and Strain 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformations 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Behavior—Ceramics 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Flexural Strength 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Elastic Behavior 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Behavior—Polymers 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13 Stress–Strain Behavior 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14 Macroscopic Deformation 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.15 Viscoelastic Deformation 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHardness and Other Mechanical Property Considerations 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.16 Hardness 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.19 Hardness at Elevated Temperature 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty Variability and Design\/Safety Factors 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.20 Variability of Material Properties 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.21 Design\/Safety Factors 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. Dislocation, Deformation, and Strengthening Mechanisms 333\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeformation Mechanisms for Metals 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Historical 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Characteristics of Dislocations 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Slip Systems 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Slip in Single Crystals 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Deformation by Twinning 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanisms of Strengthening in Metals 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Strain Hardening 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Recovery 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.13 Recrystallization 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14 Grain Growth 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeformation Mechanisms for Ceramic Materials 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.15 Crystalline Ceramics 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanisms of Deformation and for Strengthening of Polymers 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.18 Factors that Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 9.1—Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.19 Deformation of Elastomers 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. Failure 378\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFracture 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Ductile Fracture 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Brittle Fracture 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Griffith Theory of Brittle Fracture 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Fracture of Polymers 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Fracture Toughness Testing 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatigue 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Cyclic Stresses 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 The S–N Curve 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials 412\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Crack Initiation and Propagation 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14 Factors that Affect Fatigue Life 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15 Thermal and Corrosion Fatigue 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.16 Goodman Diagram 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.17 Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreep 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.18 Mechanical Behavior Dependent on Time 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.19 Stress and Temperature Effects 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20 Data Extrapolation Methods 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.21 High-Temperature Material 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.22 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11. Phase Diagrams 441\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinitions and Basic Concepts 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Solubility Limit 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Phases 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Microstructure 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Phase Equilibria 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBinary Phase Diagrams 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 447\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 11.1—Lead-Free Solders 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.15 Peritectoid and Monotectic Reactions 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.16 Congruent Phase Transformations 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.17 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.18 Ternary Phase Diagrams 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.19 The Gibbs Phase Rule 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Iron–Carbon System 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.20 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe 3 C) Phase Diagram 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.21 Development of Microstructure in Iron– Carbon Alloys 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.22 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.23 Spinodal Decomposition 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12. Phase Transformations 507\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase Transformations in Metals 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Basic Concepts 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Phase Transformations 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 520\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrostructural and Property Changes in Iron–Carbon Alloys 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Tempered Martensite 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon Alloys 541\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 12.1—Shape- Memory Alloys 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation Hardening 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.10 Heat Treatments 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.11 Mechanism of Hardening 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.12 Martempering and Austempering 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.13 Surface Hardening (Case-Hardening Process) 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.14 Vacuum and Plasma Hardening 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystallization, Melting, and Glass Transition Phenomena in Polymers 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.15 Crystallization 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.16 Melting 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.17 The Glass Transition 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.18 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.19 Factors that Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13. Electrical Properties of Materials 571\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrical Conduction 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Ohm’s Law 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Electrical Conductivity 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Electron Mobility 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSemiconductivity 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Factors that Affect Carrier Mobility 591\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.14 The Hall Effect 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.15 Semiconductor Devices 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrical Conduction in Ionic Ceramics and in Polymers 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 604\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDielectric Behavior 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.18 Capacitance 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.20 Types of Polarization 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 611\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.22 Dielectric Strength 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.23 Dielectric Materials 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Electrical Characteristics of Materials 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.24 Ferroelectricity 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.25 Piezoelectricity 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 13.1— Piezoelectric Ceramic Ink-Jet Printer Heads 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.26 Electrostriction 616\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 621\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14. Types and Applications of Materials628\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Metal Alloys 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Ferrous Alloys 629\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Nonferrous Alloys 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 14.1—Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Ceramics 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Glasses 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Glass-Ceramics 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Clay Products 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Refractories 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Abrasives 659\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Cements 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 Ceramic Biomaterials 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Carbons 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12 Advanced Ceramics 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Polymers 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13 Plastics 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 14.2—Phenolic Billiard Balls 670\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.14 Elastomers 671\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.15 Fibers 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.16 Miscellaneous Applications 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.17 Polymeric Biomaterials 675\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.18 Advanced Polymeric Materials 677\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 680\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15. Processing of Engineering Materials686\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFabrication of Metals 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Forming Operations 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Casting 689\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Miscellaneous Techniques 691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing) 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Processing of Metals 696\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Annealing Processes 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Heat Treatment of Steels 699\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFabrication of Ceramic Materials 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 716\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Powder Pressing 721\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Tape Casting 723\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 3D Printing of Ceramic Materials 723\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynthesis and Fabrication of Polymers 725\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13 Polymerization 725\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.14 Polymer Additives 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.15 Forming Techniques for Plastics 729\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.16 Fabrication of Elastomers 732\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.17 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 732\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.18 3D Printing of Polymers 733\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 736\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 739\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 739\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 740\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16. Corrosion and Degradation 743\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 744\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 744\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrosion of Metals 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Electrochemical Considerations 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Corrosion Kinetics 751\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 753\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Passivity 759\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Environmental Effects 760\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Forms of Corrosion 761\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Corrosion Environments 768\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Corrosion Prevention 769\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Oxidation 771\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrosion of Ceramic Materials 775\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegradation of Polymers 775\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Swelling and Dissolution 775\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.12 Bond Rupture 777\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.13 Weathering 779\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 779\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 781\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 782\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 783\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 783\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 783\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17. Thermal Properties 787\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 788\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 788\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Heat Capacity 788\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Thermal Expansion 792\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 17.1—Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys 794\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Thermal Conductivity 795\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Thermal Stresses 798\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 800\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 801\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 802\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 802\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 802\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 802\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18. Magnetic Properties 805\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 806\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 806\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Basic Concepts 806\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 810\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Ferromagnetism 812\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 813\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 817\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Domains and Hysteresis 818\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Magnetic Anisotropy 821\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Soft Magnetic Materials 823\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 18.1—An Iron–Silicon Alloy That Is Used in Transformer Cores 823\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Hard Magnetic Materials 825\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 Magnetic Storage 828\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 Superconductivity 831\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 834\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 836\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 836\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 837\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 837\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 837\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19. Optical Properties 840\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 841\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 841\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Concepts 841\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 841\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Light Interactions with Solids 843\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions 844\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptical Properties of Metals 845\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptical Properties of Nonmetals 846\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Refraction 846\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Reflection 848\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Absorption 849\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Transmission 852\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Color 852\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators 854\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications of Optical Phenomena 855\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.11 Luminescence 855\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.12 Photoconductivity 855\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 19.1—Light-Emitting Diodes 856\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.13 Lasers 858\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.14 Optical Fibers in Communications 862\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 864\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation Summary 866\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Symbols 867\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant Terms and Concepts 867\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 867\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 868\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 870\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Objectives 871\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 871\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Considerations 871\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Component Design 872\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Materials 872\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Manufacturing Techniques 873\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental and Societal Considerations 873\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 876\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials of Importance 20.1—Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers\/Plastics 880\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 882\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 883\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions and Problems 883\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A The International System of Units (SI) A-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1: The SI Base Units A-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2: Some SI Derived Units A-2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.3: SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes A-2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4: Unit Abbreviations A-3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.5: Unit Conversion Factors A-3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials A-5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.1: Density A-5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2: Modulus of Elasticity A-9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.3: Poisson’s Ratio A-12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.4: Strength and Ductility A-14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.5: Plane Strain Fracture Toughness A-19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.6: Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion A-20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.7: Thermal Conductivity A-24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.8: Specific Heat A-27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.9: Electrical Resistivity A-30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.10: Metal Alloy Compositions A-33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials A-35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers A-40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials A-45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix F Characteristics of Selected Elements A-46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix G Values of Selected Physical Constants A-47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix H Periodic Table of the ElementsA-48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary G-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnswers to Selected Problems (available online)\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex I-1\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"David G. 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