{"product_id":"the-architecture-of-computer-hardware-systems-software-and-networking","title":"The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software, and Networking","description":"\u003cp\u003ePreface xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Authors xxix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I An Overview of Computer Systems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eComputers and Systems 4\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0 Introduction 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 The Starting Point 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Components of the Computer System 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hardware Component 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Software Component 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Communication Component 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Computer System 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The Concept of Virtualization 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Protocols and Standards 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Overview of This Book 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 A Brief Architectural History of the Computer 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Work 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComputer Hardware 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperating Systems 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication, Networks, and the Internet 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn Introduction to System Concepts and Systems Architecture 36\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0 Introduction 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 The General Concept of Systems 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 IT System Architectures 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Role of the System Architect 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Data in the Computer\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber Systems 52\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0 Introduction 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Numbers as a Physical Representation 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Counting in Different Bases 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Performing Arithmetic in Different Number Bases 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Numeric Conversion Between Number Bases 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlternative Conversion Methods 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 A Special Conversion Case—Number Bases That Are Related 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Fractions 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFractional Conversion Methods 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Mixed Number Conversions 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eData Formats 78\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0 Introduction 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 General Considerations 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Alphanumeric Character Data 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Visual Data 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBitmap Images 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObject Images 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepresenting Characters as Images 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVideo Images 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Audio Data 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Data Compression 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Page Description Languages 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Internal Computer Data Format 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumerical Character to Integer Conversion 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eRepresenting Numerical Data 110\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Unsigned Binary and Binary-Coded Decimal Representations 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Representations for Signed Integers 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSign-and-Magnitude Representation 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNine’s Decimal and 1’s Binary Complementary Representations 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTen’s Complement and 2’s Complement 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverflow and Carry Conditions 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Bases 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Rules for Complementary Numbers 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Real Numbers 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Review of Exponential Notation 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFloating Point Format 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormalization and Formatting of Floating Point Numbers 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Programming Example 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFloating Point Calculations 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFloating Point in the Computer 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversion between Base 10 and Base 2 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Programming Considerations 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Computer Architecture and Hardware Operation\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Little Man Computer 152\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0 Introduction 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Layout of the Little Man Computer 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Operation of the LMC 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 A Simple Program 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 An Extended Instruction Set 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 The Instruction Cycle 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 A Note Regarding Computer Architectures 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe CPU and Memory 166\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0 Introduction 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 The Components of the CPU 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 The Concept of Registers 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 The Memory Unit 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Operation of Memory 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMemory Capacity and Addressing Limitations 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary Memory Characteristics and Implementation 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 The Fetch–Execute Instruction Cycle 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Classification of Instructions 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Movement Instructions (load, store, and Other Moves) 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArithmetic Instructions 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoolean Logic Instructions 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle Operand Manipulation Instructions 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBit Manipulation Instructions 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShift and Rotate Instructions 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgram Control Instructions 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStack Instructions 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple Data Instructions 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Instructions 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Instruction Word Formats 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Instruction Word Requirements and Constraints 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eCPU and Memory: Design, Enhancement, and Implementation 200\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0 Introduction 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 CPU Architectures 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional Modern Architectures 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 CPU Features and Enhancements 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFetch–Execute Cycle Timing Issues 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Model for Improved CPU Performance 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScalar and Superscalar Processor Organization 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Memory Enhancements 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWide Path Memory Access 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMemory Interleaving 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCache Memory 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 The Compleat Modern Superscalar CPU 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Multiprocessing 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 A Few Comments on Implementation 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eInput\/Output and Buses 230\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0 Introduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Characteristics of Typical I\/O Devices 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Programmed I\/O 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Interrupts 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eServicing Interrupts 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Uses of Interrupts 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple Interrupts and Prioritization 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Direct Memory Access 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 I\/O Controllers 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Buses 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBus Characteristics 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eComputer Peripherals 262\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0 Introduction 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 The Hierarchy of Storage 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Solid-State Memory 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Magnetic Disks 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisk Arrays 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Optical Disk Storage 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Magnetic Tape 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Displays 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic Display Design 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraphical Processing Units (GPUs) 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquid Crystal Display Technology 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOLED Display Technology 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Printers 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaser Printers 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInkjet Printers 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 User Input Devices 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeyboards 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePointing Devices 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlternative Sources of Alphanumeric Input 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScanners 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultimedia Input 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMobile Devices 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Network Communication Devices 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eComputer System Organization 298\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0 Introduction 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Putting the Pieces Together 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 System Architecture 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasic System Interconnection Requirements 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBus I\/O 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannel Architecture 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlurring the Line 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Networks, Data Communications, and Networked Computer Systems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eNetworks and Data Communications—An Overview 318\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0 Introduction 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 The Impact of Networking on Business Processes and User Access to Knowledge and Services 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 A Simple View of Data Communications 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Basic Data Communication Concepts 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMessages 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePackets 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Channel Characteristics 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Networks 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork Topology 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Networks 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork Interconnection 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Standards 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthernet and T CP\/IP Networking 356\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0 Introduction 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 TCP\/IP, OSI, and Other Communication Protocol Models 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Program Applications versus Network Applications 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 The Physical and Data Link Layers 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Physical Layer 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Data Link Layer 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHub-Based Ethernet 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwitched Ethernet 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi) 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 The Network Layer 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 The Transport Layer 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 IP Addresses 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIPv4 and DHCP 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIPv6 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Domain Names and DNS Services 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Quality of Service 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Network Security 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and Logical Access Restriction 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEncryption 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Alternative Protocols 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Comparison of TCP\/IP and OSI 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Protocol Suites and Components 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCSI Over IP 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCellular Technology 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMPLS 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eCommunication Channel T echnology 396\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0 Introduction 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Communication Channel Technology 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 The Fundamentals of Signaling Technology 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalog Signaling 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Signaling 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModems 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo Examples of Alternative Advanced Technologies 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Transmission Media and Signaling Methods 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Wireless Technologies 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCellular Technology 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWi-Fi 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBluetooth 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eModern Networked Computer Systems 426\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0 Introduction 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Distributed Systems 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Client–Server Computing 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Web-Based Computing 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Peer-to-Peer Computing 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Clusters 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification and Configuration 437\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeowulf Clusters 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Storage Area Networks 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Cloud Computing 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Supercomputing 443\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrid Computing 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Networked Computer System Architecture Examples 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoogle: A System Architecture Example 445\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother Example: Facebook’s Application Architecture 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V The Software Component\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eOperating Systems: An Overview 454\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0 Introduction 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 The Barebones Computer System 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 The Operating Systems Concept: An Introduction 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Services and Facilities 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUser Interface and Command Execution Services 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFile Management 465\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInput\/Output Services 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess Control Management 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMemory Management 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScheduling and Dispatch 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary Storage Management 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNetwork and Communications Support Services 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecurity and Protection Services 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem Administration Support 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Organization 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Types of Computer Systems 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 483\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe User View of Operating Systems 486\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0 Introduction 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Purpose of the User Interface 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 User Functions and Program Services 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgram Execution 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFile Commands 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisk and Other I\/O Device Commands 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecurity and Data Integrity Protection 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteruser Communication and Data Sharing Operations 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystem Status Information and User Administration 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProgram Services 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Types of User Interface 495\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Command Line Interface 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBatch System Commands 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraphical User Interfaces 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTouchless Gesture- and Voice-Based Interfaces 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrade-Offs in the User Interface 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoftware Considerations 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 X Window and Other Graphics Display Methodologies 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Command and Scripting Languages 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Elements of a Command Language 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Command Language Start-Up Sequence Files 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Services to Programs 513\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 516\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eFile Management 518\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0 Introduction 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 The Logical and Physical View of Files 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 The Role of the File Management System 524\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Logical File Access Methods 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequential File Access 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom Access 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndexed Access 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Physical File Storage 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContiguous Storage Allocation 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoncontiguous Storage Allocation 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndexed Allocation 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree Space Management 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTape Allocation 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptical and Flash Drive Allocation 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 File Systems, Volumes, Disks, Partitions, and Storage Pools 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 The Directory Structure 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTree-Structured Directories 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcyclic-Graph Directories 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 Network File Access 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 File Protection 550\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Journaling File Systems 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Internal Operating System 556\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0 Introduction 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Fundamental OS Requirements 558\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExample: A Simple Multitasking Operating System 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Starting the Computer System: The Bootstrap 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Processes and Threads 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess Creation 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess States 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThreads 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Basic Loading and Execution Operations 570\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 CPU Scheduling and Dispatching 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong-Term Scheduler 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShort-Term Scheduler and Dispatcher 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNonpreemptive Scheduling Algorithms 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreemptive Short-Term Scheduling Algorithms 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Memory Management 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMemory Partitioning 578\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Virtual Storage 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePages and Frames 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Concept of Virtual Storage 585\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePage Faults 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorking Sets and the Concept of Locality 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePage Sharing 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePage Replacement Algorithms 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrashing 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePage Table Implementation 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSegmentation 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess Separation 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Disk Scheduling 596\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst-Come, First-Served Scheduling 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eShortest Distance First Scheduling 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScan Scheduling 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003en\u003c\/i\u003e-Step c-Scan Scheduling 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Network Operating System Services 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOS Protocol Support and Other Services 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10 Other Operating System Issues 601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeadlock 601\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Issues 602\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.11 Virtual Machines 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary and Review 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Further Reading 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Concepts and Terms 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReading Review Questions 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExercises 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography B-1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex I-1\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wilson Wong","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":42838950051901,"sku":"9781119495208","price":237.56,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0597\/7689\/2989\/files\/9781119495208_67c5499c-9711-4493-89bb-2b20c3dd18a4.jpg?v=1766950049","url":"https:\/\/www.palmleaf.com.au\/products\/the-architecture-of-computer-hardware-systems-software-and-networking","provider":"Palmleaf","version":"1.0","type":"link"}