{"product_id":"understanding-emotions","title":"Understanding Emotions","description":"\u003cp\u003eFigures xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTables xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xxxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Perspectives on Emotions 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Approaches to Understanding Emotions 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is an Emotion? First Ideas 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNineteenth-Century Founders 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharles Darwin: The Evolutionary Approach 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilliam James: The Bodily Approach 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigmund Freud: The Psychoanalytic Approach 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhilosophical and Literary Approaches 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAristotle and the Ethics of Emotions 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRené Descartes: Philosophically Speaking 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeorge Eliot: The World of the Arts 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain Science Psychology Sociology and Anthropology 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJohn Harlow Tania Singer: Toward a Brain Science of Emotion 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagda Arnold Sylvan Tomkins: New Psychological Theories 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eErving Goffman Arlie Russell Hochschild and Lila Abu-Lughod: Emotions as Moral Dramas Involving Selves and Others 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpirical Inspirations for a New Science of Emotion 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is an Emotion? A Framework 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Emotional Realm: Emotions—Moods—Dispositions 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpisodes of Emotion 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoods and Sentiments 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Disorders 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonality and Temperament 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Evolution of Emotions 32\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElements of an Evolutionary Approach 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelection Pressures 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptation 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Design for Gene Replication 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Evolutionary History of Human Emotions 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsights from Modern Hunter-Gatherers 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsights from Nonhuman Primates 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman Ancestry 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvolution of Symbolic Representation and Language 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions as Bases of Human Relationships 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions That Promote Attachment 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions and Negotiation of Social Hierarchy 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions Affiliation and Friendship 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollective Emotion and Preference for In-Groups 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Cultural Understandings of Emotions 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Island Society 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo Emotional Events 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree Principles: Emotions as Interpersonal Active and Value-based 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-cultural Approaches to Emotion 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentity 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent and Interdependent Selves 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Structures 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValues 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Construction of Emotions in the West 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Coming of Civilization to Medieval Societies 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHas Violence Declined Over Time? 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Romantic Era 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual Love in the West 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalling in Love: Emotion as a Role 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen and Men: Different Cultures? 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Elements of Emotions 83\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Communication of Emotions 85\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive Kinds of Nonverbal Behavior 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial Expressions of Emotion 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDarwin’s Observations and Theoretical Analysis 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Evidence of the Universality of Facial Expressions of Emotion 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritiques of the Ekman and Friesen Studies 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscovering New Facial Expressions of Emotion 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInference and Context in Emotion Recognition 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVocal Communication of Emotion 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Communication of Emotions with the Voice 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTactile Communication of Emotion 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour Functions of Touch 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunicating Emotions with Touch 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Expression and the Coordination of Social Interaction 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural Variation in Emotional Expression 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural Variation in Expressive Behavior 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural Variation in the Interpretation of Emotional Expression 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunication of Emotion in Art 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour Hypotheses from the Idea of Romanticism 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAesthetic Emotions in the Natyasastra 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Bodily Changes and Emotions 119\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Theorizing About Emotion and Bodily Changes 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion and the Autonomic Nervous System 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirected Facial Action and Physiological Differentiation of Negative Emotion 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutonomic Response and Positive Emotion 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVagal Tone and Compassion 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Blush 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Chills 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion and the Neuroendocrine System 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion and the Immune System 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Inflammation Response 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodily Changes and Emotional Experience 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepresentations of Emotions in the Body 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInteroception 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmbodiment Cognition and Social Interaction 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGut Feelings and Decision Making 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmbodied Empathy 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Appraisal Experience Regulation 143\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppraisal and Emotion 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Background and Concepts 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary Appraisals Good and Bad 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhich Is Stronger Good or Bad? 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary Appraisals 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscrete Approaches 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimensional Approaches 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtending Appraisal Research: Tests of Theories and Patterns of Variation 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Third Phase of Appraisal: Verbal Sharing 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWords and Concepts 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Emotion Lexicon 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConceptualization of Emotion 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion Metaphors 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrototypes 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariations in Emotion Lexicon 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Experience 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Perspective That Emotions Are Discrete 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Perspective That Emotions Are Constructed 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing Perspectives 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of Emotions 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistraction Reappraisal Suppression 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Brain Mechanisms and Emotion 169\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Approaches to the Neuroscience of Emotion 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Research on Brain Lesions and Stimulation 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Limbic System 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion Systems in the Mammalian Brain 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Framework from Affective Neuroscience 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion-Related Appraisals and Subcortical Processes in the Brain 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppraisals of Novelty and Concern Relevance: The Amygdala 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppraisals of Possible Rewards: The Nucleus Accumbens 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppraisals of Pain Threat and Harm: The Periaqueductal Gray 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodily Awareness and Subjective Feeling: The Anterior Insular Cortex 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Conceptualization to Empathic Understanding: Cortical Processes in the Brain 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLearning Associations Between Events and Rewards: The Orbitofrontal Cortex 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion Conceptualization: The Prefrontal Cortex 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion Regulation: Regions of the Prefrontal Cortex 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpathy and the Cortex 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Pain and the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Anterior Insular Cortex 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Search for Emotion-Specific Patterns of Brain Activation 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistinct Emotions Are Constructed in the Cortex 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions Engage Discrete Patterns of Brain Activation 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Emotions and Social Life 197\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Development of Emotions in Childhood 199\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheories of Emotional Development 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Expression 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Developmental Emergence of Emotions 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Emotions: 18 Months and Beyond 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopments in Language and the Understanding of Other Minds 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecognition of Emotions 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial Expressions 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVocal Expressions 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostures and Gestures 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultimodal Recognition of Emotions 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain Mechanisms in Infants’ Recognition of Emotions 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Negativity Bias 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of Emotions 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulatory Processes 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurobiological Development of Emotion Regulation 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperament 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiological Contributions to Temperament 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Emotions in Social Relationships 228\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions Within Intimate Relationships 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrinciples of Sexual Love 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions in Marriage 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions in Friendships 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGratitude 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Mimicry 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions in Hierarchical Relationships 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Displays and the Negotiation of Social Rank 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePower and Emotion 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Class and Emotion 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion and Group Dynamics 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup and Collective Emotions 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup and Collective Emotion and Between-Group Conflict 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfrahumanization 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Processes That Improve Group Relations 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Intelligence 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Emotions and Thinking 254\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassion and Reason 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions Prioritize Thoughts Goals and Actions 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion and Mood in Economic Behavior 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ultimatum Game 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassical Economics 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAffect Infusion and Affect as Information 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStyles of Processing 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of Moods and Emotions on Cognitive Functioning 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptual Effects 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttentional Effects 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects on Remembering 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion-Related Biases in Memory 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEyewitness Testimony 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersuasion 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorality 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntuitions and Principles 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooperation 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions and the Law 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObligations of Society 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDispassionate Judgments? 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart IV Emotions and the Individual 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Individual Differences in Emotionality 279\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotionality Over the Life Span 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuities in Emotionality from Childhood to Adulthood 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Temperament to Personality 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual Differences in Emotion Shape How We Construe the World 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge-Related Changes in Temperament and Personality 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropensities in Emotionality That Shape the Relational Environment 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotionality Moderates Environmental Risk 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttachment and Emotionality 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat Is Attachment? 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAttachment Status and Emotional Outcomes 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Sensitivity and Shared Thinking 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom Parent Attachment to Child Attachment 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Role of Environmental Risk in Children’s Attachment Relationships 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic Influences on Attachment 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Behaviors Beyond Attachment 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiobehavioral Synchronization 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Mentalization and Reflective Capacity 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTalk About Emotions 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParental Socialization of Emotion 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond Parenting: Influences of Siblings Peers and the Broader Social\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContext 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiblings 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeers 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBroader Social Context 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrograms That Optimize Emotional Development 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Psychopathology of Emotions in Childhood 308\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions and Psychopathology 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Case of Peter 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConceptualizing Childhood Disorders: Categories versus Dimensions 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Are Emotions Involved in Children’s Psychopathology? 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAre Emotions Abnormal in Psychopathology? 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of Psychopathology in Childhood 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComorbidity Heterogeneity and the \"p\" Factor 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Relationship Between Risk Factors and Psychopathology 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeople Contexts and the Multilevel Environment 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk and Resilience: The Combination of Risk and Protective Factors 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk Factors 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiological Risk Factors 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProximal Risk Factors 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistal Risk Factors 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrajectories of Disorders 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomotypic and Heterotypic Continuity 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrajectories of Externalizing Problems 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrajectories of Internalizing Disorders 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterventions for Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Emotional Disorders in Adulthood 337\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepression and Anxiety 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychiatric Disorders: Symptoms and Prevalence 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychiatric Epidemiology 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinds of Depression and Anxiety 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Disorders Are Caused 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetics 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironment 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLife Events and Difficulties 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGene–Environment Interactions 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotional Predispositions and Emotional Disorders 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVulnerability Factors 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Support 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarly Experience 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecurrence Recovery and Prolongation of Disorders 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecurrence 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery and Fresh Starts 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProlongation 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive Biases in Anxiety and Other Emotional Disorders 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurophysiology of Depression and Anxiety 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntidepressant Drugs 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond Depression and Anxiety 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychopathic People in Society 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchizophrenia Emotion Expressed Emotion in Relatives 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychosomatic Effects 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 A Meaningful Life 364\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Significant Event 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeaning in Life 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCooperation 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHappiness 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelatedness 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatisfaction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWell-Being 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Therapy with Others and by Oneself 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychoanalysis: Unconscious Schemas of Relating 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRogerian Counseling: Empathetic Support 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Changing Emotional Life by Thought 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion-Focused Therapy: Changing Emotional Life by Emotions 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutcomes of Psychotherapy 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychotherapy Without Therapists 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMindfulness Ancient and Modern 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsciously Making Sense of Emotions 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotions in Literature 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion and Free Will 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion and Meaning in the Social World 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo Think About and Discuss 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther Reading 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor Index 485\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubject Index 501\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Jennifer M. 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