Jacaranda Chemistry 1 VCE Units 1 and 2, 3e learnON & Print

About This Resource ix

Acknowledgements xvi

Unit 1 How Can the Diversity of Materials Be Explained? 1

Area of Study 1 How Do the Chemical Structures of Materials Explain Their Properties and Reactions?

1 Elements and the periodic table 3

1.1 Overview 4

1.2 Elements 5

1.3 Electrons 12

1.4 The periodic table 25

1.5 Trends in the periodic table 32

1.6 Critical elements 43

1.7 Review 53

2 Covalent substances 59

2.1 Overview 60

2.2 Representing molecules 61

2.3 Shapes of molecules 73

2.4 Comparing intramolecular bonding and intermolecular forces 86

2.5 Physical properties of molecular substances 95

2.6 Structure and bonding of diamond and graphite 99

2.7 Review 107

3 Reactions of metals 113

3.1 Overview 114

3.2 Properties of metals 115

3.3 Reactivity of metals 121

3.4 Recycling metals 129

3.5 Review 139

4 Reactions of ionic compounds 145

4.1 Overview 146

4.2 Structure and properties of ionic substances 147

4.3 Formation of ionic compounds 157

4.4 Precipitation reactions 165

4.5 A review of bonding 176

4.6 Review 182

5 Separation and identification of the components of mixtures 187

5.1 Overview 188

5.2 Solutions, solvents and chromatography 189

5.3 Review 207

Area of Study 1 Review 215

Practice examination 215

Practice school-assessed coursework 222

Area of Study 2 How Are Materials Quantified and Classified?

6 Quantifying atoms and compounds 225

6.1 Overview 226

6.2 Relative isotopic mass and the carbon-12 scale 227

6.3 Avogadro’s constant and the mole 236

6.4 Using the mole concept 245

6.5 Review 253

7 Families of organic compounds 259

7.1 Overview 260

7.2 Hydrocarbon families 261

7.3 Naming organic compounds and isomers 275

7.4 Functional groups — alcohols and carboxylic acids 283

7.5 Sources and uses of organic chemicals 295

7.6 Review 302

8 Polymers and society 309

8.1 Overview 310

8.2 Polymers 311

8.3 Linear and cross-linked polymers 320

8.4 Polymer selection 326

8.5 Plastic recycling and innovations in design 337

8.6 Review 348

Area of Study 2 Review 355

Practice examination 355

Practice school-assessed coursework 361

Area of Study 3 How Can Chemical Principles Be Applied to Create a More Sustainable Future?

9 Research investigations

9.1 Overview

9.2 Investigating how chemistry can create a more sustainable future

9.3 Scientific evidence, and analysing and evaluating sources

9.4 Models and theories to understand observed phenomena

9.5 Effective science communication

9.6 Review

Unit 2 How Do Chemical Reactions Shape the Natural World? 367

Area of Study 1 How Do Chemicals Interact with Water?

10 Water as a unique chemical 369

10.1 Overview 370

10.2 Water on Earth 371

10.3 Properties of water 380

10.4 Heat capacity and latent heat 388

10.5 Review 398

11 Acid–base (proton transfer) reactions 405

11.1 Overview 406

11.2 Acids and bases 407

11.3 Concentration and strength of acids and bases 415

11.4 The pH scale 420

11.5 Measuring pH 431

11.6 Neutralisation reactions to produce salts 443

11.7 Applications of acid–base reactions in society 452

11.8 Review 456

12 Redox (electron transfer) reactions 463

12.1 Overview 464

12.2 Redox reactions 465

12.3 EXTENSION: Oxidation numbers 475

12.4 Reactivity series of metals 481

12.5 Applications of redox reactions 486

12.6 Review 498

Area of Study 1 Review 505

Practice examination 505

Practice school-assessed coursework 511

Area of Study 2 How Are Chemicals Measured and Analysed?

13 Measuring solubility and concentration 513

13.1 Overview 514

13.2 Measuring solution concentration 515

13.3 Factors that influence solubility 526

13.4 Solubility graphs 536

13.5 Review 550

14 Analysis for acids and bases 557

14.1 Overview 558

14.2 Solution stoichiometry (volume–volume stoichiometry) 559

14.3 Acid–base titrations 568

14.4 Review 581

15 Measuring gases 587

15.1 Overview 588

15.2 Gases and the enhanced greenhouse effect 589

15.3 Gases at standard laboratory conditions (SLC) 595

15.4 Calculations using the ideal gas equation and stoichiometry 603

15.5 Review 610

16 Analysis for salts 615

16.1 Overview 616

16.2 The sources of salts in soil and water 617

16.3 Quantitative analysis of salts — stoichiometry and molar ratios 624

16.4 Quantitative analysis of salts — colorimetry and UV-visible spectroscopy 642

16.5 Review 652

Area of Study 2 Review 659

Practice examination 659

Practice school-assessed coursework 667

Area of Study 3 How Do Quantitative Scientific Investigations Develop Our Understanding of Chemical Reactions?

17 Scientific investigations

17.1 Overview

17.2 Key science skills and concepts in chemistry

17.3 Characteristics of scientific methodology and primary data generation

17.4 Health, safety and ethical guidelines

17.5 Quality of data and measurements

17.6 Ways of organising, analysing and evaluating primary data

17.7 Challenging scientific models and theories

17.8 The limitations of investigation methodology and conclusions

17.9 Options related to analysing substances in water, acid–base or redox reactions, and production of gases

17.10 Presenting findings using scientific conventions

17.11 Review

Answers 671

Glossary 733

Index 745

Periodic table of the elements 752