Jacaranda Geoactive 2 NSW Australian Curriculum Geography Stage 5, learnON and Print

Chapter and lesson structure ix

Comprehensive teacher support xi

The Geoactive package xii

Acknowledgements xiv

1 The world of Geography 1

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 Geographical inquiry 2

1.3 Geographical concepts 10

1.4 Work and careers in Geography

1.5 SkillBuilder — Reading contour lines on a map

1.6 Writing skills in Geography

1.7 Review 23

Unit 1 Sustainable Biomes 27

2 Biomes 29

2.1 Overview 30

2.2 Features of biomes 31

2.3 Major Australian biomes 36

2.4 SkillBuilder — Describing spatial relationships in thematic maps

2.5 The role of climate in biomes 42

2.6 The role of soil and vegetation in biomes 45

2.7 SkillBuilder — Constructing and describing a transect on a topographic map

2.8 Use of grassland biomes 52

2.9 Productivity of coral reef biomes 56

2.10 Investigating topographic maps — Coastal wetland biome in Dalywoi Bay 59

2.11 Thinking Big research project — Our world of biomes AVD

2.12 Review 63

3 Biomes produce food 67

3.1 Overview 68

3.2 Feeding the world 69

3.3 SkillBuilder — Constructing ternary graphs

3.4 Traditional agriculture 79

3.5 Food security over time in Australia 83

3.6 Food production in Australia 92

3.7 SkillBuilder — Describing patterns and correlations on a topographic map

3.8 Rice — An important food crop

3.9 Cacao — A special cash crop

3.10 Investigating topographic maps — Horticulture in Carnarvon 100

3.11 Thinking Big research project — Subsistence living gap-year diary

3.12 Review 104

4 Changing biomes 109

4.1 Overview 110

4.2 Food production’s effect on biomes 111

4.3 Modifying our forests 117

4.4 SkillBuilder — GIS — Deconstructing a map

4.5 Paper production and its effect on biomes

4.6 Overfishing our ocean biome 124

4.7 SkillBuilder — Interpreting a geographical cartoon

4.8 The impact of farming on land and water 129

4.9 The impact of farming on the atmosphere 138

4.10 Diminishing global biodiversity 141

4.11 Investigating topographic maps — Food production in the Riverina 146

4.12 Thinking Big research project — Fished out!

4.13 Review 150

5 Challenges to food production 155

5.1 Overview 156

5.2 Water security and food production 157

5.3 Pollution and food production 162

5.4 SkillBuilder — Interpreting satellite images to show change over time

5.5 Land loss and food production 167

5.6 Features of a famine — Somalia

5.7 SkillBuilder — Constructing and describing complex choropleth maps

5.8 Urban expansion into food production areas 176

5.9 Climate change and food production 185

5.10 Investigating topographic maps — Yarra Yarra Creek Basin food bowl 190

5.11 Thinking Big research project — Famine crisis report

5.12 Review 194

6 Food security 199

6.1 Overview 200

6.2 Feeding the world population 201

6.3 Improving food production 206

6.4 Reducing food waste 214

6.5 SkillBuilder — Constructing a box scattergram

6.6 Food aid 222

6.7 Food aid in Australia

6.8 Fair trade

6.9 SkillBuilder — Constructing and describing proportional circles on maps

6.10 The effects of dietary changes on food supply 231

6.11 Urban farms 236

6.12 Investigating topographic maps — Lake Victoria as a food source 239

6.13 Thinking Big research project — Community garden design

6.14 Review 243

7 Geographical inquiry: Sustainable biomes 247

7.1 Overview 247

7.2 Inquiry process 248

7.3 Review 249

Unit 2 Changing Places 251

8 Causes and consequences of urbanisation 253

8.1 Overview 254

8.2 The development of urban environments 255

8.3 Distribution of urban areas 259

8.4 SkillBuilder — Comparing population profiles

8.5 Urban expansion 266

8.6 Urban decline 273

8.7 Impacts of urbanisation on the environment 279

8.8 SkillBuilder — Creating and reading pictographs

8.9 Challenges for sustainable urban environments 285

8.10 Urbanisation in Indonesia

8.11 Investigating topographic maps — Jakarta 290

8.12 Thinking Big research project — Slum improvement proposal

8.13 Review 294

9 Urban settlement patterns 299

9.1 Overview 300

9.2 Urban settlement patterns in Australia 301

9.3 Comparing urbanisation — USA and Australia 309

9.4 SkillBuilder — Creating and reading compound bar graphs

9.5 Characteristics of cities in Europe

9.6 SkillBuilder — Constructing and describing isoline maps

9.7 Characteristics of cities in South America

9.8 Consequences of urban concentration 322

9.9 Creating sustainable and liveable cities 330

9.10 Investigating topographic maps — Examining the city of São Paulo 334

9.11 Thinking Big research project — One day in Jakarta, one day in New York City

9.12 Review 338

10 Internal and international migration 341

10.1 Overview 342

10.2 Reasons people move within Australia 343

10.3 Internal migration trends in Australia 348

10.4 SkillBuilder — Drawing a line graph using Excel

10.5 Effects of internal migration in Australia 355

10.6 Case study — Internal migration in China

10.7 SkillBuilder — Constructing a land use map

10.8 International migration patterns 362

10.9 Effects of international migration 368

10.10 Investigating topographic maps — Urbanisation in Albury–Wodonga 373

10.11 Thinking Big research project — Multicultural Australia photo essay

10.12 Review 377

11 Australia’s urban future 381

11.1 Overview 382

11.2 Australia’s projected population 383

11.3 Designing sustainable cities 386

11.4 SkillBuilder — Describing change over time

11.5 Sustainable cities in Australia. 390

11.6 Managing the suburbs 397

11.7 Living vertically

11.8 Urban Renewal 401

11.9 Transport infrastructure

11.10 SkillBuilder — Writing a submission

11.11 Individual action to enhance sustainability 408

11.12 Community actions to enhance sustainability 412

11.13 Investigating topographic maps — Urban sprawl in Narre Warren 418

11.14 Thinking Big research project — Celebrating diversity

11.15 Review 422

12 Geographical inquiry — Investigating Asian megacities 427

12.1 Overview 427

12.2 Inquiry process 428

12.3 Review 429

Unit 3 Environmental Change And Management 431

13 Introducing environmental change and management 433

13.1 Overview 434

13.2 Environmental functioning 435

13.3 Lithospheric processes 438

13.4 Biospheric processes 442

13.5 Hydrological and atmospheric processes 446

13.6 Human-induced change 449

13.7 Climate change 454

13.8 Worldviews and environmental management

13.9 SkillBuilder — Evaluating alternative responses

13.10 Sustainable management 461

13.11 Ecological footprint and biocapacity 465

13.12 SkillBuilder — Drawing a futures wheel

13.13 Environmental change in Jindabyne 471

13.14 Thinking Big research project — Wacky weather presentation

13.15 Review 475

14 Land environments under threat 479

14.1 Overview 480

14.2 The causes and impacts of land degradation 481

14.3 SkillBuilder — Interpreting a complex block diagram

14.4 Managing land degradation 491

14.5 Desertification — the drylands are spreading 498

14.6 Environmental change and salinity 507

14.7 Introduced species and land degradation

14.8 Native species and environmental change

14.9 SkillBuilder — Writing a fieldwork report as an annotated visual display (AVD)

14.10 Aboriginal Peoples’ land management 519

14.11 Investigating topographic maps — Managing land degradation in the Parwan Valley 525

14.12 Thinking Big research project — Invasive species Wanted! poster

14.13 Review 529

15 Inland water management 533

15.1 Overview 534

15.2 Inland water 535

15.3 Damming rivers 539

15.4 Alternatives to dams 547

15.5 SkillBuilder — Creating a fishbone diagram

15.6 Using groundwater reserves 554

15.7 The impacts of drainage and diversion 560

15.8 Case study — Managing the Murray-Darling

15.9 SkillBuilder — Reading topographic maps at an advanced level

15.10 Investigating topographic maps — Wetlands along the Murray River 567

15.11 Thinking Big research project — Menindee Lakes murder — news report

15.12 Review 571

16 Managing change in coastal environments 575

16.1 Overview 576

16.2 How coastal landforms are created 577

16.3 Deposition and erosion of coasts 580

16.4 Human causes of coastal change 584

16.5 Case study — Environmental change in the Tweed and Gold Coast

16.6 Impacts of inland activities on coasts 589

16.7 SkillBuilder — Comparing aerial photographs to investigate spatial change over time

16.8 Impacts on low islands

16.9 Managing coastal change 594

16.10 SkillBuilder — Comparing an aerial photograph and a topographic map

16.11 Factors influencing coastal management strategies 600

16.12 Contributing to environmental sustainability in coastal zones 603

16.13 Investigating topographic maps — Consequences of coastal change in Merimbula 606

16.14 Thinking Big research project — Ecology action newsletter — reef rescue

16.15 Review 610

17 Marine environments change and management 615

17.1 Overview 616

17.2 Marine processes

17.3 Marine pollution and debris

17.4 Responses to marine debris

17.5 SkillBuilder — Using geographic information systems (GIS)

17.6 Marine pollution

17.7 SkillBuilder — Describing a photographs

17.8 Investigating topographic maps — Coral bleaching on Lizard Island?

17.9 Thinking Big research project — ‘Plastic not-so-fantastic’ media campaign

17.10 Review

18 Geographical inquiry — Developing an environmental management plan 619

18.1 Overview 619

18.2 Inquiry process 619

18.3 Review 621

Unit 4 Human Wellbeing 623

19 Human wellbeing and development 625

19.1 Overview 626

19.2 Features of wellbeing 627

19.3 SkillBuilder — Constructing and interpreting a scattergraph

19.4 Examining quantitative indicators 633

19.5 Examining qualitative indicators 637

19.6 Measuring development 641

19.7 SkillBuilder — Interpreting a cartogram

19.8 Contemporary trends in wellbeing — Sustainability 646

19.9 Contemporary trends in wellbeing — Health

19.10 Contemporary trends in wellbeing — Malaria and tuberculosis

19.11 Investigating topographic maps — Norway — the best place on Earth 652

19.12 Thinking Big research project — UN report — Global wellbeing comparison

19.13 Review 656

20 Spatial variations in human wellbeing 661

20.1 Overview 662

20.2 Variations in wellbeing between countries 663

20.3 Variations in wellbeing within countries 669

20.4 SkillBuilder — Using Excel to construct population profiles

20.5 Internal reasons for variations in wellbeing 675

20.6 External reasons for variations in wellbeing 679

20.7 Variations in wellbeing within the middle class

20.8 SkillBuilder — Developing structured and ethical approaches to research

20.9 Population management and wellbeing 685

20.10 Gender, development and wellbeing 689

20.11 Investigating topographic maps — Spatial variations in wellbeing in Tokyo, Japan 694

20.12 Thinking Big research project — The displaced Rohingya children

20.13 Review 698

21 Human wellbeing in Australia 701

21.1 Overview 702

21.2 Characteristics of Australia’s population 703

21.3 Variations in rural and urban wellbeing 707

21.4 Human wellbeing in Sydney 712

21.5 SkillBuilder — Using multiple data formats

21.6 Wellbeing of Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islander Peoples 717

21.7 SkillBuilder — Understanding policies and strategies

21.8 Wellbeing for people living with disabilities 724

21.9 Investigating topographic maps — Wellbeing in the Northern Territory 728

21.10 Thinking Big Research Project — SDG progress infographic

21.11 Review 732

22 Improving Human Wellbeing 737

22.1 Overview 738

22.2 The role of governments in improving human wellbeing 739

22.3 The role of NGOs in improving human wellbeing 744

22.4 The role of individuals in improving human wellbeing 747

22.5 Improving wellbeing for Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islander Peoples 753

22.6 SkillBuilder — Debating like a geographer

22.7 Improving wellbeing in Brazil 758

22.8 SkillBuilder — Writing a geographical Essay

22.9 Investigating topographic maps — Measuring wellbeing in Cumborah 764

22.10 Thinking Big research project — Improving wellbeing in a low-HDIranked country

22.11 Review 768

23 Fieldwork inquiry — Comparing wellbeing in the local area 773

23.1 Overview 773

23.2 Inquiry process 773

23.3 Review 775

Glossary 777

Index 786