Psychopathology

About the authors ix

Chapter 1 Introduction to psychopathology 1

Introduction 2

1.1 The basic features of psychological disorder 3

1.2 Stigma associated with psychological disorders and its historical context 6

1.3 Early psychological approaches to psychopathology 9

1.4 The genetic paradigm 14

1.5 The neuroscience paradigm 21

1.6 The cognitive–behavioural paradigm 33

1.7 Factors that cut across the paradigms 45

1.8 Integration across multiple levels of analysis: the diathesis–stress integrative paradigm 56

Summary 59

Key terms 61

Websites 68

References 68

Acknowledgements 75

Chapter 2 Diagnosis and assessment 77

Introduction 78

2.1 Cornerstones of diagnosis and assessment 79

2.2 The diagnostic system of the American Psychiatric Association: DSM-5-TR 83

2.3 Psychological assessment 96

2.4 Neurobiological assessment 110

2.5 Cultural and ethnic diversity and assessment 115

Summary 118

Key terms 119

Websites 121

References 121

Acknowledgements 125

Chapter 3 Mood disorders 127

Introduction 128

3.1 Clinical descriptions and epidemiology of mood disorders 128

3.2 Aetiology of mood disorders 141

3.3 Treatment of mood disorders 154

3.4 Suicide 164

Summary 171

Key terms 172

Websites 174

References 175

Acknowledgements 186

Chapter 4 Anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and trauma-related disorders 187

Introduction 188

4.1 Clinical descriptions of the anxiety disorders 189

4.2 Comorbidity, gender and culture in anxiety disorders 195

4.3 Aetiology of anxiety disorders 198

4.4 Treatments of the anxiety disorders 209

4.5 Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders 211

4.6 Aetiology of the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders 217

4.7 Treatment of the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders 220

4.8 Post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder 223

4.9 Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder 228

Summary 231

Key terms 233

Websites 234

References 234

Acknowledgements 245

Chapter 5 Dissociative disorders, and somatic symptom and related disorders 247

Introduction 248

5.1 Dissociative disorders 248

5.2 Somatic symptom and related disorders 261

Summary 275

Key terms 276

Websites 276

References 276

Acknowledgements 283

Chapter 6 Schizophrenia 285

Introduction 286

6.1 Clinical descriptions of schizophrenia 287

6.2 Aetiology of schizophrenia 297

6.3 The role of neurotransmitters 301

6.4 Environmental factors influencing the developing brain 306

6.5 Treatment of schizophrenia 311

Summary 321

Key terms 322

Websites 323

References 324

Acknowledgements 334

Chapter 7 Substance use disorders 335

Introduction 336

7.1 Clinical descriptions, prevalence and effects of substance use disorders 336

7.2 Aetiology of substance use disorders 354

7.3 Treatment of substance use disorders 360

7.4 Prevention of substance use disorders 368

Summary 372

Key terms 373

Websites 374

References 374

Acknowledgements 384

Chapter 8 Eating disorders 385

Introduction 386

8.1 Clinical descriptions of eating disorders 387

8.2 Aetiology of eating disorders 397

8.3 Treatment of eating disorders 410

Summary 414

Key terms 415

Websites 415

References 416

Acknowledgements 424

Chapter 9 Clinical understandings of gender and sexuality 425

Introduction 426

9.1 Sexual norms and behaviour 427

9.2 Sexual dysfunctions 434

9.3 The paraphilic disorders 447

Summary 460

Key terms 461

Websites 462

References 462

Acknowledgements 468

Chapter 10 Disorders of childhood 469

Introduction 470

10.1 Classification and diagnosis of childhood disorders 470

10.2 Externalising disorders 472

10.3 Depression and anxiety in children and adolescents 485

10.4 Specific learning disorder 495

10.5 Intellectual disability 499

10.6 Autism spectrum disorder 503

Summary 512

Key terms 513

Websites 514

References 514

Acknowledgements 527

Chapter 11 Late life and neurocognitive disorders 529

Introduction 530

11.1 Ageing: issues and methods 530

11.2 Psychological disorders in late life 534

11.3 Neurocognitive disorders in late life 537

Summary 554

Key terms 555

Websites 555

References 556

Acknowledgements 562

Chapter 12 Personality and personality disorders 563

Introduction 564

12.1 The DSM-5-TR approach to classification 565

12.2 Common risk factors across the personality disorders 571

12.3 Clinical description and aetiology of the odd/eccentric cluster 572

12.4 Clinical description and aetiology of the dramatic/erratic cluster 575

12.5 Clinical description and aetiology of the anxious/fearful cluster 585

12.6 Treatment of personality disorders 588

Summary 593

Key terms 594

Websites 595

References 595

Acknowledgements 601

Chapter 13 Legal and ethical issues 603

Introduction 604

13.1 Mental health and the criminal justice system 605

13.2 Fitness to stand trial 612

13.3 Civil commitment 615

13.4 Ethical dilemmas in therapy and research 625

Summary 630

Key terms 631

Websites 632

References 632

Acknowledgements 634

Name Index 635

Subject Index 647